Hamlet Act 1 Summary, Scene by Scene

'Hamlet' Act 1 Summary, Scene by Scene This Act 1 summary of Shakespeares Hamlet sets the stage with the characters, setting, plot, and tone of this five-act tragedy. The play opens on the ramparts of Elsinore Castle in Denmark during a changing of the guard. The old king, Hamlets father, has died. The kings brother Claudius has replaced him, stealing Hamlets rightful place on the throne. He has already married Hamlets mother. The previous two nights, the guards had seen a silent ghost resembling Hamlets dead father. They ask Hamlets friend Horatio to watch on the third night, and he sees the ghost. Horatio convinces Hamlet to watch the next night. Hamlet confronts his fathers ghost, who tells him that Claudius murdered him. The dreary tone and harsh setting contrasting with the revelry within the castle foretell of the tragedy that is to come. Act 1, Scene 1 Summary On a bleak, frigid night, the guards Francisco and Bernardo tell Horatio, a friend of Hamlet, about the ghost they had seen that resembles Hamlets father. They convince Horatio to join them and attempt to talk with the ghost if it reappears. Horatio scoffs at the talk of a ghost but agrees to wait. As they begin describing what they saw, the ghost appears. Horatio cant get it to speak but promises to tell Hamlet about the specter. The darkness and cold, coupled with the apparition, set a dire tone of calamity and dread for the remainder of the play. Act 1, Scene 2 The scene opens in contrast to the previous one, as King Claudius celebrates his recent wedding to Gertrude in a bright, joyous castle room surrounded by courtiers. A brooding Hamlet sits outside the action. It is two months since his fathers death, and his widow has already married his brother. The king discusses a possible war and agrees to let Laertes, son of the kings lord chamberlain (Polonius), leave the court and return to school. Recognizing that Hamlet is upset, he tries to make amends, urging Hamlet to abandon mourning and stay in Denmark instead of returning to school. Hamlet agrees to stay. Everyone but Hamlet leaves. He delivers a soliloquy expressing his anger, depression, and disgust for what he considers incest between the new king and his mother. The guards and Horatio enter and tell Hamlet about the ghost. He agrees to join them that night to watch for another appearance. When Claudius scolds Hamlet for his continued mourning, referring to his stubbornness and unmanly grief, Shakespeare sets him up as an antagonist to Hamlet, who is unmoved by the kings words. The kings criticism of Hamlet (A heart unfortified, a mind impatient, An understanding simple and unschooled) implies that he believes Hamlet is unprepared to be king and is attempting to justify his usurpation of the throne. Act 1, Scene 3 Laertes says goodbye to his sister, Ophelia, whom we learn has been seeing Hamlet. He warns her that Hamlet, still in line to be king, will always put the kingdom before her. Polonius enters and lectures his son on how to conduct himself at school, advising him to treat his friends well, listen more than talk, dress well but not too well, avoid lending money and to thine own self be true. Then he, too, warns Ophelia about Hamlet. She promises not to see him. Polonius advice to Laertes seems rote, relying on aphorisms regarding appearances rather than offering honest advice to a son. With Ophelia, he is more concerned that she bring honor and wealth to the family than about her own desires. Ophelia, as an obedient daughter of the time, agrees to spurn Hamlet. Polonius treatment of his children continues a theme of generational conflict. Act 1, Scene 4 That night, Hamlet, Horatio, and Marcellus, one of the guards who had seen the ghost, wait outside on another cold night. The miserable weather is juxtaposed again with revelry from the castle, which Hamlet criticizes as excessive and damaging to Danes reputation for drunkenness. The ghost appears and beckons Hamlet. Marcellus and Horatio try to prevent him from following, agreeing with Hamlet that it might bring airs from heaven or blasts from hell. Hamlet breaks free and follows the ghost. His accomplices follow him. This scene contrasts Hamlets father, the good king, with Claudius as a drunken reveler and adulterer, and plays on the conflict between image and reality. Claudius appears more suspicious and foreboding than a ghost. Act 1, Scene 5 The ghost tells Hamlet that he is Hamlets father and was murdered by Claudius, who put poison in the napping kings ear. The ghost asks Hamlet to revenge his most foul, strange, and unnatural murder, and Hamlet agrees without hesitation. The ghost also tells Hamlet that his mother was adulterous with Claudius before the old king died. He makes Hamlet promise  that he wont seek revenge on his mother but let her be judged by God. As dawn breaks, the ghost leaves. Hamlet swears he will do what the ghost asks and avenge his fathers murder. Horatio and Marcellus find him, and Hamlet asks them to swear not to reveal anything of the ghost. When they hesitate, the ghost calls from below, demanding they swear. They do. Hamlet warns them that he will pretend to be crazy until he can exact vengeance. The old kings murder creates sympathy for the ghost rather than fear or revulsion, and his mothers adultery tips the scales against her. Hamlet has no choice but to kill the new king, establishing a conflict between his sense of honor and his Christian faith. Key Takeaways Act 1 establishes these plot points: The new king, Hamlets uncle, murdered Hamlets father.His fathers ghost appears to him to describe the murder and charge Hamlet with seeking revenge.Hamlets mother committed adultery with Claudius before her husbands death and married Claudius with unseemly haste.The ghost says Hamlet should let God punish his mother.Hamlet will pretend to be crazy while he exacts vengeance. Act 1 establishes these tones and themes: A sense of dread and tragedy is almost palpable.A conflict between honor and morality is established.Another conflict between appearance and reality.The antagonism between Claudius and Hamlet is part of a generational conflict reflected in Polonius and his children. Sources Hamlet. Hudson Shakespeare Company. Stockton, Carla Lynn. Summary and Analysis Act I: Scene 1. Cliffs Notes, August 13, 2019. Summary of the Play. The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX.

Learn About the Von Thunen Model

Learn About the Von Thunen Model The Von Thunen model of agricultural land use (also called location theory) was created by the farmer, landowner, and amateur economist Johann Heinrich Von Thunen (1783–1850) in 1826 in a book called The Isolated State, but it wasnt translated into English until 1966. Von Thunens model was created before industrialization and is based on the following limiting assumptions: The city is located centrally within an Isolated State that is self-sufficient and has no external influences.The Isolated State is surrounded by an unoccupied wilderness.The land of the State is completely flat and has no rivers or mountains to interrupt the terrain.The soil quality and climate are consistent throughout the State.Farmers in the Isolated State transport their own goods to market via oxcart, across the land, directly to the central city. Therefore, there are no roads.Farmers act to maximize profits. In an Isolated State with the foregoing statements being true, Von Thunen hypothesized that a pattern of rings around the city would develop based on land cost and transportation cost.   The Four Rings Dairying and intensive farming occur in the ring closest to the city. Because vegetables, fruit, milk, and other dairy products must get to market quickly, they would be produced close to the city. (Remember, people didnt have refrigerated oxcarts!) The first ring of land is also more expensive, so the ag products would have to be highly valuable ones and the rate of return maximized. Timber and firewood would be produced for fuel and building materials in the second zone. Before industrialization (and coal power), wood was a very important fuel for heating and cooking. Wood is very heavy and difficult to transport, so it is located as close to the city as possible. The third zone consists of extensive field crops such as grains for bread. Because grains last longer than dairy products and are much lighter than fuel, reducing transport costs, they can be located farther from the city. Ranching is located in the final ring surrounding the central city. Animals can be raised far from the city because they are self-transporting. Animals can walk to the central city for sale or for butchering. Beyond the fourth ring lies the unoccupied wilderness, which is too great a distance from the central city for any type of agricultural product because the amount earned for the product doesnt justify the expenses of producing it after transportation to the city is factored in. What the Model Can Tell Us Even though the Von Thunen model was created in a time before factories, highways, and even railroads, it is still an important model in geography. The Von Thunen model is an excellent illustration of the balance between land cost and transportation costs. As one gets closer to a city, the price of land increases. The farmers of the Isolated State balance the cost of transportation, land, and profit and produce the most cost-effective product for market. Of course, in the real world, things dont happen as they would in a model.